at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
for a moment; for a minute; for a while; for some time; for the time being; for now
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
high rice field; very fertile rice field
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
grandfather; old man; kyogen mask used for the role of an old man
to ask; to inquire; to blame (someone) for; to accuse of; to care about; to regard as important
education; schooling; training; culture; cultivation; education
relation; connection; relevance
book; volume; this; present; main; head
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
counter for books; volume
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
beginning; outset; first; onset
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
together with; as X, then Y (e.g. as we age we gain wisdom, as wine matures it becomes more valuable, etc.)
cram school; private tutoring school; juku
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
business world; business circles; (the) industry
pathfinder; trailblazer; early settler; pioneer; founder; originator
you could say; you might say; verging on the
cram school; private tutoring school
to start (something); to start up; to boot (a computer); to launch (a business)
management; administration; operation; running (business); conducting
charisma (i.e. attractiveness, charm); charisma (i.e. divinely conferred power or talent); charism; charismatic person; someone famous (usu. for their talent); celebrity
to laugh; to smile; to sneer; to ridicule; to be dumbfounded; to be flabbergasted
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)