indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
toxic parent; parent who interferes excessively in their children's lives
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
mother; mom; wife; you (of an elderly person older than the speaker); she
method of bringing up; method of raising
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to be mistaken; to be incorrect; to make a mistake (in); to do incorrectly; to mistake (one thing with another); to confuse
I wonder; do you think?; I might; some kind; some stage; somehow
indicates reason or excuse; indicates dissatisfaction; indicates desire to be pampered or indulged
Mr; master; Ms; miss; (arch.) sir; (arch.) madam
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
already; yet; soon; shortly; further; more
rule; domination; direction; management; control (of one's destiny, public opinion, etc.); governing
disliking; not wanting; unpleasant; disagreeable; no!; quit it!
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to be sad; to mourn for; to regret
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
hating; strongly disliking
I'm sorry; (it's) inexcusable; thank you very much (for help, etc.)
sakaki (species of evergreen sacred to Shinto, Cleyera japonica); evergreen (esp. one planted or used at a shrine)
to apologize (apologise); to refuse; to decline; to be unable to bear; to be defeated (by)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
there's no (other) way; cannot be helped; unavoidable; it's no use (doing); pointless; hopeless (person)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
moving forward (e.g. of a vehicle); onward movement; progress (of work, activities, etc.); advance; progression (of a disease, global warming, etc.); progression (e.g. chord progression)
trouble; bother; annoyance
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
to arrive at (e.g. a decision); to reach (a stage); to lead to (a place); to get to; in the extreme case of; (arch.) to come