indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to need; to call for; to require
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera); Indian lotus; lotus; rose of Sharon (Hibiscus syriacus)
madder (esp. Japanese madder, Rubia argyi); madder (red color)
junior high school; middle school; lower secondary school
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
from now on; after this; in the future; from here; from this point
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
all; entire; whole; altogether
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
by no means; never!; something unexpected; emergency; (arch.) currently; (arch.) for the time being
custom; practice; said; aforementioned; instance; example
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
time; hour; period; class
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
exactly; precisely; just; as if; as though; quite
a short while ago; a moment ago; just now; some time ago
suitable; proper; appropriate; perfunctory; half-minded; sloppy
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for