indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
offender; criminal; culprit
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
all; altogether; entirely; exactly like; just like; spitting image of
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to attack; to assail; to succeed (someone in a post, role, etc.); to make a sudden visit
serious condition; critical condition
seeming ...; appearing ...; -ish; like a ...; typical of ...
man; male; masculine gender
your house; your home; your husband; your organization; you
data collecting party; news crew
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
news coverage; collecting data (e.g. for an article); covering (something for media); interview
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
information; news; intelligence; information; data contained in characters, signals, code, etc.
to get; to earn; to understand; to comprehend; to receive something undesirable (e.g. a punishment); to get (ill)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
bureau director; office chief
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
readiness; preparedness; resolution; resignation
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
foot; paw; leg; gait; pace; bottom structural component (i.e. radical) of a kanji; means of transportation
ward; borough; city (in Tokyo); district (e.g. electoral); section; zone (e.g. postal)
woman; female; feminine gender
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
event; affair; incident; case; plot; trouble
to stop; to abort; to discontinue; to close
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
matter; affair; counter for (received) emails, text messages, voicemail messages, etc.; counter for accounts (on a website, email service, etc.)