new work; new production; new composition; new creation; new title
bread; (sweet) pastry; staff of life; one's bread
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
holding (a conference, exhibition, etc.); opening; hosting (e.g. the Olympics)
Formosan sweetgum (Liquidambar formosana)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
to be delighted; to be glad; to congratulate; to gratefully accept
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
use; adoption; acceptance; appointment; employment; engagement
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
suffix for familiar person
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to feel (as if); to have a feeling (that); to have a hunch (that); to feel like doing; to want to do
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
happy; glad; pleased; joyful; delightful; gratifying
rural area; countryside; the sticks; hometown
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
café; cafe; coffeehouse; hostess bar (serving western alcoholic beverages; Taisho and Showa period)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
pleasant smell; aroma; fragrance; pleasant-smelling vegetation
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
(ancient) Japan; Yamato (former province located in present-day Nara Prefecture)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
for a moment; for a minute; for a while; for some time; for the time being; for now
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
had better ...; had better not ...