indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
remuneration; recompense; reward; toll
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
10,000; ten thousand; myriad; everything; all; (arch.) various
reason; principle; general principle (as opposed to individual concrete phenomenon); (in neo-Confucianism) the underlying principles of the cosmos
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case
hospital; clinic; doctor's office; doctor's surgery; infirmary
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to work (for); to be employed (at); to serve (as); to act (as); to conduct a religious service
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
he; she; this; this one; Hey, you!; You bastard!
God; god; ace; king; superior person
to catch; to capture; to catch hold of (someone); to stop (e.g. a stranger in the street); towards (someone); at (someone)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
scoundrel; rascal; villain
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
adds force or indicates command
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
medicine; pharmaceuticals; efficacious chemical (gunpowder, pesticide, etc.); (pottery) glaze; (illegal) drug; narcotic
carrying (on one's person or in the hand); mobile phone; cell phone
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
business; task; use; purpose; for the use of ...; used for ...
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
extra; more; unnecessary; needless; all the more; even more
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
cry (esp. animal); roar; chirp; tweet; bark; whine
a short while ago; a moment ago; just now; some time ago
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others