indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
clinic; medical office; infirmary
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
learning; scholarship; study; study of ...; -ology; -ics
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to smash; to crush; to shut down; to put out of business; to wreck; to break; to butcher
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
to sleep (lying down); to go to bed; to lie in bed; to lie down; to sleep (with someone, i.e. have intercourse); to lie flat (e.g. of hair); to lie idle (of funds, stock, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
closing; closure; shutdown; lockout
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
opposition; resistance; antagonism; reverse; opposite; inverse
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
present condition; existing state; status quo; current state
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
cannot be helped; unavoidable
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
anyhow; at any rate; anyway; somehow or other; generally speaking; in any case