bamboo (any grass of subfamily Bambusoideae); middle (of a three-tier ranking system)
Battle of Sekigahara (1600)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
world; society; life; lifetime; age; era; reign
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Mr; Mrs; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
the whole world; the whole country; society; the public; supremacy over a nation; government of a country; having one's own way
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
to be doing; to be in the process of doing
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
honorific/polite/humble prefix
friend; ally; supporter; taking sides (with); supporting; standing by
territory; fiefdom; feudal domain
88 years old; (arch.) rice
mountain stream; valley; dale; wetlands; swamp; marsh
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
now; the present time; just now; another; more
deceased; late; dead; departed
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to raise; to rear; to train; to teach; to promote the growth of; to nurture
to be (animate); to be; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed; to (have the audacity to) do
Tentoku era (957.10.27-961.2.16)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
existing (at the present moment); alright; acceptable; to be (usu. of inanimate objects); to have
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
knowing; being aware (of); (an) acquaintance
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
none of your business!; don't bother me!; keep out of it!
adds force to a statement, decision or conclusion; indicates command; (strongly) emphasizes the previous word; adds focus; some- (e.g. something, someone)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
earth; ground; place; territory; bottom (of a package, book, etc.); earth (one of the five elements)
reason; cause; meaning; sense; (good) sense; reason
pain; anguish; distress; suffering; hardship
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
nothing; naught; nought; un-; non-