pine tree (Pinus spp.); highest (of a three-tier ranking system)
below; down; bottom; beneath; underneath; just after; right after
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
recollection; retrospection; reflection; reminiscence
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
honorific/polite/humble prefix
lively; full of spirit; energetic; healthy; well; fit
appearing that; seeming that; looking like; having the appearance of
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
above anything else; above all; more than anything; best; greatest; excellent
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be crushed; to be smashed; to become useless; to cease functioning; to go bankrupt; to go out of business
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
Tenshō era (1573.7.28-1592.12.8)
December; twelfth month of the lunar calendar
fourteenth day of the month; fourteen days
12th anniversary of one's death
Buddhist memorial service
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
memento (from a dead person); souvenir; keepsake; orphan; posthumous child
now; the present time; just now; another; more
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
small attached annex; lean-to
adopted child (usu. male); son-in-law
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
connection; link; relationship
to break off; to come to an end; to be interrupted; to be cut short; to pause
as it is; as one likes; because; condition; state
spring; springtime; New Year; prime (of life); height (of one's prosperity); adolescence
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to go out to meet; to receive; to welcome; to accept (e.g. as a member of a group or family); to call for; to summon
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
painful; sore; cringy; embarrassing; exceeding
martial arts; military arts; wushu; modern sport derived from traditional Chinese martial arts
satisfaction; pride; one's strong point; one's forte; regular customer; regular client
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
once; one time; temporarily; for a moment; one degree; one tone