indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
daughter; girl (i.e. a young, unmarried woman)
shallow river; shallows; flatboat; river boat
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
thin-culmed dwarf bamboo (growing in clusters); Japanese transverse bamboo flute (high-pitched; usu. with seven holes); sliver (strand of loose fibers)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
so; like that; that's right; indeed; let me see...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
recollection; retrospection; reflection; reminiscence
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family