indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
three years; third school year (e.g. of high school)
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
illness (usu. excluding minor ailments, e.g. common cold); disease; bad habit; bad behaviour; crazy; insane
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
please; kindly; by all means; certainly; here you are; to give
daughter; girl (i.e. a young, unmarried woman)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
is that so?; I see; right; oh
exactly; precisely; just; just (like); as if; as though
father; dad; husband; you (of an elderly person older than the speaker); he
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to come out; to appear; to turn up; to go out for a while
to go; to come; to lose; to be defeated; to be stumped (by); to be at a loss; to visit (a shrine, grave, etc.)
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; used for soft emphasis or to soften a statement or request; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.
to this extent; to this degree; this much
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to collect; to gather; to arrange; to put in order; to make uniform; to make even
evasion; excuse; subterfuge; runaround
to be able to do; to be possible; to be good at; to do well; to come into existence; to form; to be made
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
ceremonious; unduly distant (e.g. towards a friend); overly formal; reserved
unwillingly; reluctantly; grudgingly; shaking one's head in refusal (like a child)
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
the eyes; expression of the eyes; area around the eyes
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as