indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
guest; visitor; customer; client; shopper
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
daughter; girl (i.e. a young, unmarried woman)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
tachibana orange (Citrus tachibana)
role; assignment; position (of responsibility); post; part (in a play, film, etc.); role
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
performance; appearance (in a stage, film, TV show, etc.)
medium; average; moderation; middle school; China; volume two (of three); during (a certain time when one did or is doing something)
upper reaches of a river; upstream
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
to ask; to inquire; to blame (someone) for; to accuse of; to care about; to regard as important
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
he; she; that person; (arch.) you
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
to take (someone) with one; to bring along; to go with; to be accompanied by
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
a lot; lots; enough; sufficient; enough; too many
very popular; highly favoured
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
unwillingly; grudgingly; shaking head in refusal (like a child); no!; no no!
(not) at all; (not) in the slightest; wholly; entirely; extremely; very
but (still); and yet; nevertheless; even so; notwithstanding
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of