indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
prefix for forming ordinal numbers
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
role; assignment; position (of responsibility); post; part (in a play, film, etc.); role
the place for; the time for; the level of
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to act (a part); to play (a role); to perform (a play, etc.); to put on (a production); to commit (a blunder); to disgrace oneself
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
supervision; control; superintendence; director; superintendent; supervisor
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to meet (by chance); to come across; to meet (e.g. of rivers, highways, etc.); to emerge and engage (an enemy)
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
hard-boiled (person, style, etc.); tough; hard-boiled fiction
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to colour; to color; to apply make-up; to decorate; to garnish
current; hip; trendy; fashionable; stylish
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
ryokan; traditional inn; Japanese-style lodging, usu. professionally-run
which way; which direction; which one (esp. of two alternatives); who
there; over there; genitals; private parts; that far; that much
(within) the (Tokyo) metropolitan area
pachinko; mechanical gambling game superficially resembling pinball; slingshot; catapult; pistol
pachinko prize exchange shop; shop where pachinko prizes are exchanged for money
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
continuation; succession; series
robbery; robbery case; burglary
outbreak; spring forth; generation (e.g. of power or heat); genesis; ontogeny; development of complex multicellular structures from cell(s) in a simple state
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to pass (of time); to elapse
actual spot; scene (of a crime, accident, etc.); (on) site; (on) the ground; filming location; (movie) set
to leave (behind); to leave (undone); to not finish; to save; to set aside; to leave (to someone, esp. after one's death)
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
star (usu. not including the Sun); planet (usu. not including Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); star (actor, player, etc.); small dot; spot; star point (in go)
immediately; right away; at once; instantly