indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
metropolitan governor; governor of Tokyo
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
medical care; medical treatment
organization; organisation; structure; construction; system (e.g. railroad, transport, party, etc.); tissue; texture (of a rock)
mission; errand; task; duty; obligation
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
dead person; (the) deceased; (the) dead; casualties
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
Bonin white-eye (Apalopteron familiare)
disaster; accident; shipwreck; distress
accident; incident; trouble; circumstances; reasons
outbreak; spring forth; generation (e.g. of power or heat); genesis; ontogeny; development of complex multicellular structures from cell(s) in a simple state
tree as seen in winter (esp. a barren deciduous tree); evergreen tree
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
life; life force; lifetime; lifespan; most important thing; foundation
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
scattered; disperse; loose; disconnected; in pieces; in drops
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
doing something separately (from the group); going off on one's own
to avoid (physical contact with); to avoid (situation); to ward off; to avert; to put aside; to move out of the way
should; must; -able; probably; likely
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
to believe; to believe in; to place trust in; to confide in; to have faith in
other (place, thing, person); the rest; outside; beyond; nothing except; nothing but
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
anyone; anybody; everyone; whoever
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question