indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
metropolitan governor; governor of Tokyo
direct control; direct supervision
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
medical treatment; medical care
organization; organisation; structure; construction; system (e.g. railroad, transport, party, etc.); tissue; texture (of a rock)
mission; errand; task; duty; obligation
ordinary; common; free of charge; free; unaffected; as is
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
dead person; (the) deceased; (the) dead; casualties
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
Meguro City (special ward of Tokyo); Bonin white-eye (Apalopteron familiare)
(meeting with) disaster; (having an) accident; mishap; shipwreck; distress
accident; incident; trouble; circumstances; reasons
occurrence; incidence; generation (of power, heat, etc.); production; ontogeny; development
tree as seen in winter (esp. a barren deciduous tree); evergreen tree
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
life; life force; lifetime; lifespan; most important thing; foundation
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
scattered; disperse; loose; disconnected; in pieces; in drops
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
doing something separately (from the group); going off on one's own
to avoid (physical contact with); to avoid (situation); to evade (question, subject); to ward off; to avert; to put aside
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
to believe; to believe in; to place trust in; to confide in; to have faith in
another place; some other place; another (person or thing); other; beyond (one's expectations, imagination, etc.); outside
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
to be able to do; to be possible; to be good at; to do well; to come into existence; to form; to be made
anyone; anybody; everyone; whoever
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)