indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
to fix (a time, date, etc.); to set; to expect; to hope for; to resolve (to do); to decide upon
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
no!; no no!; no, not at all
happy; glad; pleased; joyful; delightful; gratifying
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
already; yet; soon; shortly; further; more
to slide; to glide; to slip; to skid; to be slippery; to fail (an examination); to lose (a position)
cannot (due to external circumstances); cannot afford to; must not; impossible to; no way one can (do)
bottomless; unlimited; immeasurable; inexhaustible
strong pressure; heavy pressure
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to carry on one's back; to be burdened with; to take responsibility for; to have (something) in the background; to be in front (of something); to be conceited
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
nature; natural; spontaneous; naturally; spontaneously
cheerful; jovial; weather; season; spirit of yang
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
or rather (say); or better (say); or perhaps I should say; or, how should I put it; I mean
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well ...; I think ...
what is colloquially called; what is commonly referred to as; what is popularly known as; so-called
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...; wow
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
deep-frying food lightly coated in flour or potato starch; deep-fried food (esp. chicken)
extremely; very; really; super; so
skillful; skilful; delicious; tasty; good (deal, idea, etc.); profitable
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
fat; tallow; lard; grease
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
good(-tasting); nice; delicious; attractive (offer, opportunity, etc.); appealing; convenient
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
to laugh; to smile; to sneer; to ridicule; to be dumbfounded; to be flabbergasted
continuously; the whole time; much (more); (by) far; far (away); long (ago, before, after)