indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
standing out from the crowd; dominating; rising abruptly; towering high
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
no!; no no!; no, not at all
happy; glad; pleased; joyful; delightful; gratifying
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to glide; to slide (e.g. on skis); to fail (an examination); to bomb (when telling a joke); to drop; to go down
cannot (due to external circumstances); cannot afford to; must not; impossible to; no way one can (do)
bottomless; unlimited; immeasurable; inexhaustible
strong pressure; heavy pressure
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to carry on one's back; to be burdened with; to take responsibility for; to have (something) in the background; to be in front (of something); to be conceited
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
nature; natural; spontaneous; naturally; spontaneously
cheerful; jovial; weather; season; spirit of yang
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
or rather (say); or better (say); or perhaps I should say; or, how should I put it; I mean
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
to be commonly referred to as; as people say; as the saying is; they say
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
deep-fried food (esp. chicken)
very; extremely; excessively
skillful; skilful; delicious; appetizing; fortunate; splendid
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
fat; tallow; lard; grease
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
delicious; tasty; sweet; attractive; appealing; convenient
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
to laugh; to smile; to sneer; to ridicule; to be dumbfounded; to be flabbergasted
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago