foreigner; foreign citizen; foreign national; alien; non-Japanese
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
daughter; girl (i.e. a young, unmarried woman)
and yet; despite this; but even so; but even then; however; nevertheless
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
black; dark; blackish; suspicious; criminal; darkened and dirty; sooty
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to grow up; to become an adult
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
Eh?; What?; Come on!; Damn!
you're lying; yeah, right; liar; fibber
lie; fib; mistake; error; unwise move; bad decision
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
myself; yourself; I; me; you
seat; location (of a gathering, etc.); place; position; post
to return; to come home; to leave (of a guest, customer, etc.); to get home; to get to home plate
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to talk; to speak; to tell; to explain; to speak (a language)
circumference; girth; surroundings; neighbourhood; people surrounding oneself; surrounding circumstances
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
disturbance; trouble; ups and downs (e.g. in life); vicissitudes; small and large waves
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
to find; to discover; to come across; to be used to seeing; to be familiar with
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
order (for an item); request; demand; condition
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
single; simple; singles (tennis, badminton, etc.); win bet (bet which predicts the winner of a race)
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?