mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to span; to bridge; to cross; to straddle
around there; near there; or thereabouts; or so; such a matter; such a thing
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
bamboo grass; generally smaller species of running bamboo that do not shed their sheaths (e.g. Sasa spp.)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
leaf; blade (of grass); (pine) needle
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
long, narrow strip of paper on which Japanese poems are written (vertically); tanzaku; thin rectangle
method; manner; appearance; air; tendency; folk song (genre of the Shi Jing)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to shake; to sway; to waver
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
this area; around here; this point; this much; this extent
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
(not) at all; (not) in the least; (none) whatsoever
farm (livestock); stock farm; ranch; pasture; meadow; grazing land
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
suffix for familiar person
quick-tempered; impatient
foster child; adopted animal (e.g. pet)
to run; to run (of a vehicle); to drive; to rush (to); to dash; to retreat; to flee
chair; stool; post; office; position
to be sufficient; to be enough; to be worth doing; to be worthy of; to do (the job); to serve
master; teacher; stable master
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
July; seventh month of the lunar calendar
seventh day of the month; seven days
gentle breeze; soft wind; breath of air; zephyr
sale; offering for sale; release (for sale); launch (product)
commemoration; celebration; honoring the memory of something; turning something into a memento; memory
party (gathering, celebration, etc.); party (group, political, etc.)