indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
suffix for familiar person
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
photograph; photo; picture; moving picture; movie
uncle; old man; mister; manybar goatfish (Parupeneus multifasciatus)
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
in that way; thus; so; so?
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
to make a mistake; to be incorrect; to be mistaken