all present; all concerned; all of us
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
sweet-tasting; sweet; fragrant (smelling); sweet (music); lightly salted; light in salt; naive
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
he; she; this; this one; Hey, you!; You bastard!
face; visage; look; expression; honor; honour
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
strange; odd; unexpected; change; incident; disturbance
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
or rather (say); or better (say); or perhaps I should say; or, how should I put it,...; I mean
middle; centre; center; midpoint; heart
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
meeting up; gathering; assembly; set
by myself; in person; by oneself
let me see; well; errr ...; uhh ...
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
to be good (at); to go well; to look (taste, etc.) good; to hold one's liquor; to be able to hold one's drink
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
coming and going; commuting
to go by; to go past; to run (between; of a rail service, bus route, etc.); to operate (between); to go indoors; to go into a room; to penetrate
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
in this way; thus; such; uh...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
sometimes; occasionally; at times; seasonal; of the season; appropriate (for the season or occasion)
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
cooked rice; meal; food; one's living; livelihood
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on