Keiō era (1865.4.7-1868.9.8)
three years; third school year (e.g. of high school)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
September; ninth month of the lunar calendar
splendid horse; promoted bishop
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
finally; in the end; at last; in the end; after all; never (happened)
Tosa (former province located in present-day Kochi Prefecture)
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to aim at (for, to do, to become); to try for; to have an eye on; to go toward; to head for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
(political) administration; political power
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
seat; place; position; status; gathering; party; stand
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
to drag down; to pull down; to force out (of power, office, role, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
current master; father of one's current master; minister (of government); noble; (arch.) nobleman's residence
Mr; Mrs; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
in the mountains; within the grounds of a temple
public affair; government matter; duke; prince; Sir; Lord
to move; to shift; to inspire; to rouse; to change; to alter; to operate
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
indicates emphasis, intention, etc.
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
gun; firearm; small arms (e.g. rifle, pistol, etc)
counter for leaves in a book (esp. one with traditional Japanese-style binding); counter for blocks of tofu; counter for servings in a restaurant; even number; chō (unit of length, approx. 109.09 m)
to be; to come; to go; to be (doing)
Satsuma and Chōshū (clan alliance)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
shogunate; bakufu; shogun's headquarters; Imperial Guards office; residence of the Imperial Guards commander
to attack; to assault; to challenge; to take on; to be bold; to be audacious
to take (a resource, e.g. time or money); to hang; to come into view; to arrive; to come under (a contract, a tax); to start (engines, motors); to attend
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
war; battle; campaign; (arch.) troops; (arch.) forces
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed