Keiō era (1865.4.7-1868.9.8)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
September; ninth month of the lunar calendar
splendid horse; promoted bishop
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
finally; at last; in the end; after all; never (happened)
Tosa (former province located in present-day Kochi Prefecture)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to aim at (for, to do, to become); to try for; to have an eye on; to go toward; to head for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
(political) administration; political power
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
seat; place; position; status; gathering; party; stand
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to drag down; to pull down; to force out (of power, office, role, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
current master; father of one's current master; minister (of government); noble; (arch.) nobleman's residence
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
in the mountains; within the grounds of a temple
public matter; governmental matter; prince; duke; lord; sir
to move; to shift; to inspire; to rouse; to change; to alter; to operate
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
(arch.) indicates emphasis, intention, etc.; indicates emphasis, intention, etc.
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
counter for leaves in a book (esp. one with traditional Japanese-style binding); counter for blocks of tofu; counter for servings in a restaurant; counter for long and narrow things such as guns, scissors, spades, hoes, inksticks, palanquins, candles, jinrikishas, shamisen, oars, etc.; even number; 109.09 m
Satsuma and Chōshū (clan alliance)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to attack; to assault; to assail
to take (a resource, e.g. time or money); to hang; to come into view; to arrive; to come under (a contract, a tax); to start (engines, motors); to attend
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
war; battle; campaign; (arch.) troops; (arch.) forces
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
civil war; insurrection; rebellion; domestic conflict