indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
splendid horse; promoted bishop
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
Tosa (former province located in present-day Kochi Prefecture)
current master; father of one's current master; minister (of government); noble; (arch.) nobleman's residence
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
honorific/polite/humble prefix
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
(arch.) indicates emphasis, intention, etc.; indicates emphasis, intention, etc.
feudal domain (Edo and early Meiji periods, precursor to current prefectures); fiefdom; province
maliciousness; ill will; noxious gas; (arch.) (vengeful) ghost; (arch.) specter
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
medium; average; moderation; middle school; China; volume two (of three); during (a certain time when one did or is doing something)
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
corridor; hallway; passageway
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
in that way; thus; so; so?
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
now; the present time; just now; another; more
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
older sister; elder sister
spring; springtime; New Year; prime (of life); height (of one's prosperity); adolescence
Satsuma and Chōshū (clan alliance)
elegant; graceful; refined; leisurely; comfortable; easy
teacher (to whom one owes a debt of gratitude); mentor; one's former teacher
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
minute (unit of time); fun (one tenth of a monme, 5.787 grains)
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something