dragon (esp. a Chinese dragon); naga; semi-divine human-cobra chimera in Hindu and Buddhist mythology; promoted rook
policeman; thieftaker; method of catching criminals
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to surround; to encircle; to besiege; to lay siege to; to play (go, shogi, etc.)
(not) ever; (not) by any means; (not) in the least; (not) in any way; (not) at all
death; (an) out; death penalty (by strangulation or decapitation; most severe of the five ritsuryō punishments)
what; how; what (a) ...!; how ...!; surprisingly; to my amazement
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
easy; likely to ...; have a tendency to ...; easy to ...
splendid horse; promoted bishop
promise; agreement; appointment; engagement; convention; rule
anyway; anyhow; setting aside ...; regardless of ...; really; truly
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; 's; of
Keiō era (1865.4.7-1868.9.8)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
January; first month of the lunar calendar
23rd day of the month; 23 days
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
shop; store; someone who sells (something) or works as (something); someone with a (certain) personality trait; house; roof
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
siege; encirclement; envelopment; surrounding; besiegement
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
Mr; Mrs; Miss; politeness marker
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
together with; as X, then Y (e.g. as we age we gain wisdom, as wine matures it becomes more valuable, etc.)
escape; getting away (from); getting out (of); prolapse; proptosis
bang; bam; noontime signal gun (carried out early Meiji to Taishō); noon gun; last round in a game of 12 rounds; precisely
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
not going (well); not proceeding (as one wishes); bad; not good; hopeless; beyond hope
Satsuma (former province located in the west of present-day Kagoshima Prefecture); sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas)
by means of; due to; because of; according to
rescue; extricate; reclaim; deliverance
indicates emphasis, intention, etc.
aah!; ooh!; oh no!; oh boy!
tightly (holding on); firmly; strongly (built); solidly; properly; well
to pin down; to hold down; to cover (esp. a part of one's body with one's hand); to clutch (a body part in pain); to get a hold of; to obtain; to grasp (a point)