Zizhi Tongjian (Chinese historiographical text, completed in 1084 CE)
annotation; commentary; explanatory note
Jōgan era (859.4.15-877.4.16)
to be a good match for; to stand a chance against; to be able to compete with; to hold one's own
foreign voyage; travelling overseas; travelling abroad
bright; shining; clear; evident
(articles) imported to Japan by early European traders
Western civilization; Western civilisation
private regulations; bylaws; internal rules; tradition
exemplar; model; example; pattern
I don't like it; I hate it
rise; improvement; uptrend
Genji era (1864.2.20-1865.4.7)
secretive; mysterious; furtive; stealthy; clandestine; sneaky
agreement; concurrence; conformance; compliance
origin; beginning; genesis; primeval; primordial; primitive
opening a port (seaport, airport, etc.); starting operations at a port; opening a port to foreign vessels or trade
shallow; superficial; slight (wound); light (sleep); short (time); early
overthrow of the shogunate
hanafuda; flower cards; playing cards consisting of 12 suits of 4 cards, each suit representing a month indicated by a flower
common orient clam (Meretrix lusoria)
independent state; independent nation
armor and helmet (armour)
expel the barbarians; expulsion of the foreigners; late Edo period (19th century) revolutionary slogan
to flatter; to play up to; to fawn on; to pander to; to cater to
frying; fried food; aburaage; thin deep-fried slices of tofu
to smash up; to defeat crushingly
vulgar; indecent; crude; jumbled (of a place); disorderly; chaotic
greedy; grasping; tightfisted; predatory (e.g. business); calculating; avaricious
to ride up to; to drive up to; to get used to riding; to get used to driving