growth; development; one's early life; upbringing; personal history
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
how things should be; the way something ought to be; ideal state; ideal form
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to put back; to return; to vomit; to throw up; to recover (of a market price)
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
Genji era (1864.2.20-1865.4.7)
first year (of an imperial era); year something (important) first happened or began
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
June; sixth month of the lunar calendar
5th day of the month; five days
imperial capital (esp. Kyoto); final word of an iroha poem; 10^16; 10,000,000,000,000,000
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
to gather; to collect; to assemble
Emperor Kōmei; Kōmei Tenno (1831-1866 CE, reigning: 1846-1866 CE)
recapture; retaking; recovery; taking back
plan; project; schedule; scheme; program; programme
private talk; confidential talk; secret talk
to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
group; faction; (political) faction; wing; school (of thought, painting, etc.); sect
imperial loyalist samurai of the Bakumatsu-era; patriots; idealists willing to sacrifice themselves for the good of the nation
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Shinsengumi; Edo-period police and military force dedicated to suppressing anti-shogunate activities
crossing swords; fighting with swords; cutting each other (in fighting)
sound; noise; (musical) note; fame
suddenly; all of a sudden; unexpectedly
to board (a train, plane, etc.); to get into (a car); to get on (a bus); to march into; to enter; to arrive (at, in)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
by means of; due to; because of; according to
killing with a sword (knife, dagger, etc.); slaying; putting to the sword
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
meeting; assembly; party; society; association; club
Tsu (city in Mie); harbour; harbor; ferry
han (estate of a daimyo in the Edo and early Meiji periods); feudal domain; fief; province
to employ; to hire; to take on; to charter (a car, boat, etc.); to hire
Metropolis (of Tokyo); (Tokyo) Metropolitan District; counter for cities and towns; capital
public order; public peace; public security; law and order
babysitting; babysitter; protecting; keeping; keeper
person who is ...; thing that is ...
class (of students); group (of people); party; lot; bunch; crime family; organized-crime syndicate
to do completely; to do accidentally; to do without meaning to; to happen to do
to miss (e.g. a chance); to lose; to set free; to let go; to fail to ...