height of summer; hottest part of summer
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
southern country; southern provinces; southern lands
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
storm; tempest; uproar; hullabaloo; storm (e.g. of protest)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to come along; to come around; to turn up; to arrive at the present; to get where one is; to have been doing something (for a period of time)
Tosa (former province located in present-day Kochi Prefecture)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
feeling; sensation; preparedness; readiness; thought; sentiment
in that way; thus; so; so?
long (distance, length); long (time); protracted; prolonged
to continue; to last; to continue (without a break); to be unbroken; to occur again and again; to lead to; to connect to
year; age; years; past one's prime; old age
shop; store; somebody who sells (something) or works as (something); somebody with a (certain) personality trait; house; roof
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
eldest son (may be the only son); first-born son
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
to substitute for; to stand in for; to fill in for
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
(your) business; (your) concern; (customer's) order; official business (of the government, Imperial Court, etc.); arrest; capture
don't you think?; indicates question
splendid horse; promoted bishop
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to sit; to squat; to assume (a position); to hold steady; to hold still
discourtesy; impoliteness; excuse me; goodbye; to leave; to be rude
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
little girl; maiden; young lady; female usually between 7 and 18 years old
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
adds force or indicates command
to ask; to inquire; to implore (a god for an oracle); to seek direction (from your superior); to visit; to speak to (a large crowd at a theatre, etc.)
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)