The Nonpareil Kitchen (nickname for Osaka); The Kitchen of the Nation
Ogata Kouan (1810.8.13-1863.7.25)
waxing and waning; phases of moon
Council of Five Elders (committee of daimyo formed by Toyotomi Hideyoshi to rule Japan until his son Hideyori came of age)
halfway; midway; partway; mid-course
high-ranking retainer of a daimyo (Edo Period)
Fukuzawa Yukichi (1834-1901)
feigned; pretending (not to know)
losing initiative; being forestalled; second move (in go or shogi); moving second; rear guard
Dutch studies; studies of Western knowledge
commander-in-chief of the expeditionary force against the barbarians; great, unifying leader
opinion in writing; written opinion; argument
China under the Qing dynasty; Qing China; Qing dynasty
steamship; steamboat; steamer
or rather (say); or better (say); or perhaps I should say; or, how should I put it,...; I mean
sorry; excuse me; thank you
throng; gathering of people
Tottori (city, prefecture)
thoroughly; carefully; deliberately; seriously; fully
Settsu (former province located in the northern and central parts of present-day Osaka and the southeast of Hyogo prefectures)
armor and helmet (armour)
occasional; infrequent; rare
what date?; what's the date?; when?
Seto Inland Sea; Inland Sea
founding a country; opening of a country (e.g. Japan) to the world; ending (a policy of) national seclusion
leader; boss; upper part of a flag; (Okinawa) bamboo poles with an attached vertical flag and an elaborate display at the top that are used during the annual fertility and thanks-giving festivals
to bathe; to receive (an honor, etc.)