zigzag-shaped paper streamer often used to adorn Shinto-related objects; hornbeam (deciduous tree in the birch family)
great fool; utter fool; complete idiot; absolute moron
waxing and waning; phases of moon
in name only; titular; nominal
participation in government
Ii Naosuke (1815-1860.3.24)
private regulations; bylaws; internal rules; tradition
love of learning; desire for learning; passion for knowledge
to support; to back up; to revive (e.g. a company); to boost (e.g. morale); to bring up; to raise
letter breaking off with someone; Dear John letter
basket clam (Corbiculidae spp.); freshwater clam; freshwater mussel
high-ranking retainer of a daimyo (Edo Period)
over-fond parent; doting parent
patient; unhurried; leisurely
teacher (to whom one owes a debt of gratitude); mentor; one's former teacher
elegant; graceful; refined; leisurely; comfortable; easy
maliciousness; ill will; noxious gas; (arch.) (vengeful) ghost; (arch.) specter
sake cup; small deep porcelain bowl for serving food
repeatedly; several times; many times
to be lost (e.g. luggage); to be missing; to be used up; to be run out; to disappear (e.g. pain); to be lost (e.g. a dream, confidence)
beginning; start; first (in line, etc.); origin; such as ...; not to mention ...
making something strong even stronger; solidifying something's chances; (lit.) (giving) a metal rod to an ogre
Ladies and Gentlemen!; all of you; everyone
to drag down; to pull down; to force out (of power, office, role, etc.)
(Edo-period) chief minister
expel the barbarians; expulsion of the foreigners; late Edo period (19th century) revolutionary slogan
to need; to demand; to take; to require