today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
introduction; presentation; referral; listing
please (give me); please (do for me)
eleven; 11; jack (playing card); Hodgson's hawk-cuckoo (Cuculus fugax); Horsfield's hawk cuckoo
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
naughty; mischievous; rascal; naughty kid
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
Hitachi (former province located in the major part of present-day Ibaraki Prefecture)
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
10,000; ten thousand; myriad; everything; all; (arch.) various
counter for jewels in a watch; counter for transistors, diodes, etc. in an electronic product
to give (esp. to someone of lower status); to bestow; to provide; to afford; to assign; to cause
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
to take good care of; to treasure; to value; to hold dear; to prize; to cherish
every year; yearly; annually
territory; dominion; grounds (e.g. school)
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
number one; first; best; most; game; round
salmon (Salmonidae spp.); chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta)
always; without exception; necessarily; certainly; without fail; positively
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
relation; relationship; participation; involvement; influence; effect
to build; to construct; to erect; to amass (e.g. fortune); to pile up
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
imperial capital (esp. Kyoto); final word of an iroha poem; 10^16; 10,000,000,000,000,000
emperor; ruler (with a heavenly mandate); heavenly being; celestial being
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation