this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
world fair; international exposition
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to advance; to go forward; to precede; to go ahead (of); to make progress; to improve; to deepen
the West; the Occident; Western countries
culture; civilization; civilisation; Bunka era (1804.2.11-1818.4.22)
surprise; astonishment; wonder; amazement
continuation; succession; series
one (esp. of two); the other; on the one hand; on the other hand; whereas; although
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
(political) administration; political power
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
emperor (of Japan); mikado
give up; relinquish; serve up; let loose
Edo shogunate (1603-1867)
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
to go out to meet; to receive; to welcome; to accept (e.g. as a member of a group or family); to call for; to summon
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
that; the matter in question
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
huff!; yo-heave-ho!; heigh-ho; to butter up; to suck up to
tail (animal, kite, comet, etc.); tail end; slope at the foot of a mountain
quantity; amount; volume; number; amount of money
song; singing; classical Japanese poem (esp. tanka); modern poetry
please; kindly; by all means; certainly; here you are; to give
soon; shortly; before long; nearly; almost
New Year (esp. first three days); first month of the year; January
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
warehouse; storehouse; cellar; magazine; granary; godown
thief; burglar; robber; theft; burglary; robbery
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
new; novel; fresh; recent; latest; up-to-date
kimono; Japanese traditional clothing (esp. full-length); clothing; clothes