indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
honorific/polite/humble prefix
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
emperor; shogun; honored person (honoured); (another person's) wife
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
department (in an organization); division; club; part; component; category
people; citizens; subjects; folk
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
Edo (shogunate capital, now Tokyo); Yedo
thousand years; very long period; forever
imperial court; shogunate government; authorities; public affairs; official; government
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
sentence; composition; text; the literary arts (as opposed to the military arts); academia; statement
now; the present time; just now; another; more
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
(common) soldier; rank and file; army; troops; warfare; strategy
huff!; yo-heave-ho!; heigh-ho; to butter up; to suck up to
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial