indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
revere the Emperor; expel the western barbarians (19th century slogan)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
proceeding to the capital
imperial capital (esp. Kyoto); final word of an iroha poem; 10^16; 10,000,000,000,000,000
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
number one; first; best; most; game; round
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to come; to go; to be (somewhere); to be (doing)
(not) ever; (not) by any means; (not) in the least; (not) in any way; (not) at all
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
letting (someone) die without helping
probably isn't (doesn't, won't, etc.); don't (doesn't) intend to; intend not to; must not; (when used in an imperative sentence) don't
head; chief; boss; leader
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
tengu; long-nosed goblin; bragging; conceit; braggart
party (political); person who is fond of; fan of
remainder; remnant; (not) very; (not) much; too much; excessively
to face; to go towards; to head towards
how; in what way; how about
to build up; to establish; to form; to become (a state); to accomplish; to achieve; to change into
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
first-person plural (or singular); second or third person plural (implies speaker is of higher status than those referred to)
to put in; to let in; to admit; to accept; to accept; to comply; to include
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
subjugation (using military force); suppression; subduing