indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
tengu; long-nosed goblin; bragging; conceit; braggart
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
now; the present time; just now; another; more
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
imperial capital (esp. Kyoto); final word of an iroha poem; 10^16; 10,000,000,000,000,000
party (political); person who is fond of; fan of
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
(common) soldier; rank and file; army; troops; warfare; strategy
certain; one; (arch.) I; (arch.) me
imperial court; shogunate government; authorities; public affairs; official; government
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
person; -er; (arch.) expert; (arch.) geisha; (arch.) prostitute
(arch.) poor; (arch.) unskillful; (arch.) clumsy; I; me
farmer; peasant; farming; the common people
expel the barbarians; expulsion of the foreigners; late Edo period (19th century) revolutionary slogan
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear