this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
you (when referring to one's equals or inferiors)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
retainer's stipend; official pay; salary
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
house (e.g. of Tokugawa); family
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to pass (of time); to elapse
honorific/polite/humble prefix
farmer; peasant; farming; the common people
coming out; going out; attending (work); appearing (on stage); start; beginning; origins
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
for the first time in one's life
something like ...; something called ...
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hold (in one's hand); to take (into one's hand); to own; to obtain
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
counter for jewels in a watch; counter for transistors, diodes, etc. in an electronic product
two persons; two people; pair; couple
ration; stipend; allowance
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
salary; pay; medical care; treatment; advance preparation
gold (Au); golden (color); valuable; of highest value; money; gold coin; Friday
both (hands, parents, sides, etc.); counter for carriages (e.g. in a train); counter for vehicles; ryō; tael; ryō; pre-Meiji unit of currency, orig. the value of one ryō of gold
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
one tenth; one hundredth; one percent; one tenth of a sun; one quarter ryō (an old coin)
(husked grains of) rice; staple (product, etc.); necessity
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
draft; draught; handprint; signed hand-print
warehouse; storehouse; cellar; magazine; granary; godown
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to receive; to get; to accept; to take; to interpret; to understand
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
good; excellent; fine; nice; pleasant; agreeable
after a long time; for the first time in a while
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need