indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
cherry tree; cherry blossom; fake buyer; paid audience; hired applauder; horse meat
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
craftsman; artisan; tradesman; worker; workman
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
daughter; girl (i.e. a young, unmarried woman)
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
common camellia (Camellia japonica)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
lie; fib; mistake; error; unwise move; bad decision
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to strike; to clap; to play drums; to abuse; to bash; to consult; to sound out
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
Yamaguchi (city, prefecture)
very; greatly; immense; enormous; serious; grave
residence; estate; grounds; premises; mansion
through; throughout; in the course of; all over or throughout (e.g. a place)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
being filled with; being full of; permeation
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
(one's) father-in-law; (one's) employer; master; principal supporter of a temple; influential temple parishioner
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
to snatch away; to dispossess; to steal
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
to be caught; to be captured; to be taken prisoner; to be seized with (fear, etc.); to be a slave to; to stick to