indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
happiness; good fortune; luck; blessing
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
wife; (arch.) my dear; (arch.) dear; garnish (esp. one served with sashimi); embellishment
waterway; channel; wake (of a ship)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to sever relations (with somebody; esp. a relative or spouse); to break off (with)
to change; to alter; to transform; to reform; to revise; to amend
should (be); bound (to be); nock (of a bow); nock (of an arrow); nock-shaped grip (between thumb and forefinger); wooden frame on the tip of the mast of a Japanese ship that prevents the hawser from falling out
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to appear; to come in sight; to become visible; to be expressed (e.g. emotions); to become apparent (e.g. trends, effects)
how much; something over; and something; however (much); no matter how
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
connection; link; relationship
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
always; without exception; necessarily; certainly; without fail; positively
to pay; to be profitable; to pull against each other
before one's eyes; in front of one; under one's nose; immediate; imminent; around the corner
person in charge; senior staff; manager; chief; head
perhaps; possibly; maybe; if; in case; in the event that
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
for the first time; only after ... is it ...; only when ... do you ...; first time; (one's) first
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
change (personnel); transfer; reshuffle
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
day; days; sun; sunshine; (the) day; daytime; date
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
at last; finally; barely; narrowly; just
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
husband; groom; (one's) son-in-law
cognitive impairment; senility; dementia