indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
next; hypo- (i.e. containing an element with low valence); order; sequence
preliminary contest; qualifying round; trial; heat; primary
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
consecutive victories; series of victories
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
speck; dot; point; only a little; particle; only one
lead; leading; lead (of a newspaper, etc.); lede; lead (wire); lead (e.g. dog); leash
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to permit; to allow; to forgive; to pardon; to exempt (someone) from; to remit; to acknowledge
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
prefix for forming ordinal numbers
quarter; person with one non-Japanese grandparent
ratio; proportion; match; equal; explicit comparison (style of the Shi Jing); Philippines
island; one's territory (e.g. of a sex worker, organized crime gang); one's turf
furthermore; again; after all; more and more; moreover; even more
riding ground; racecourse; racetrack
(sudden) change; reversal; turn-around; coming from behind (baseball)
in one go; in one gulp; in one breath; immediately; instantly; right away
to push away; to thrust aside; to detach oneself from; to keep away from; to act coldly; to do without emotion
opening performance; opening act; curtain raiser; minor performer; minor storyteller; subordinate part
guest; visitor; customer; client; shopper
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
interrogative sentence-ending particle expressing doubt
(arch.) slow witted fellow; (arch.) counter-hero; (arch.) lie; (arch.) nonsense; Yotaro (rakugo character)
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be buried; to be covered; to overflow; to be crowded; to be repaid (e.g. debt); to be replenished
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
consequence; outcome; result; blame
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
older sister; elder sister
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...