indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
because ...; for ...; the reason being ...; as for ...; when it comes to ...; regarding ...
very; considerably; by no means; not readily; middle; half-way point
very; greatly; immense; enormous; serious; grave
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
particularly; especially; in particular; expressly
to get used to; to grow accustomed to; to become skilled in; to become experienced at; to become tame; to become domesticated
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
disabled person; handicapped person; person with a (physical or mental) disability
fellow; mutual; companion; comrade
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
slow; time-consuming; late (in the day); towards the end (of the day or night); later (than expected or usual); late
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
suffix for familiar person
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
since when; from when; how long
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to meet; to meet up; to rendezvous; to join (of roads, rivers, etc.); to flow together
danger; peril; hazard; risk
not a chance; not likely; oh no; yuck; fault; defect
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
dot; spot; mark (in an exam, etc.); grade; point (in a game); score; point (in geometry)
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
so; like this; in this way
tension; mental strain; nervousness
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
when it comes to ...; if one were to speak of ...; by ... you mean ...; when you say ... you mean that ...; whenever ...; if it's ... then (without fail)
raw; uncooked; natural; as it is; unprotected (sex); live (i.e. not recorded); inexperienced
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker