indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
cooking; cookery; cuisine; dealing with something; handling; administration
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
how; in what way; by what means
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
when it comes to ...; if one were to speak of ...; by ... you mean ...; when you say ... you mean that ...; whenever ...; if it's ... then (without fail)
black; dark; blackish; suspicious; criminal; darkened and dirty; sooty
chopping board; cutting board
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to place on (something); to give (someone) a ride; to give a lift; to load (luggage); to carry; to send out (on the airwaves, etc.); to deceive
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
at hand; on hand; way of moving one's arms; skill; money at hand; pocket money
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
easy; likely to ...; have a tendency to ...; easy to ...
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
kitchen knife; carving knife; (arch.) cooking; (arch.) food
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to attach; to join; to furnish (a house with); to wear; to put on; to keep a diary; to make an entry
ringtone (of mobile phones, portable phones, cellphones, etc.)
raw; uncooked; natural; as it is; unprotected (sex); live (i.e. not recorded); inexperienced
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
email; mail (usu. in compound words); post; message (sent over a chat application); instant message; male
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
for the first time; only after ... is it ...; only when ... do you ...; first time; (one's) first
to be heard; to be audible; to be said to be; to be reputed
morning; breakfast; (arch.) next morning
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)