Saeki Kiyoshi (1914.9.19-2002.7.16)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to believe; to believe in; to place trust in; to confide in; to have faith in
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
one's father; one's old man; middle-aged (or older) man; old man; one's boss; proprietor (of a restaurant, store, etc.)
to betray; to turn traitor to; to double-cross
what's the matter?; what's wrong?; what happened (to) ...?; what have you done (with) ...?; where is ...?
teachers, superiors, and men of prominence
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
never mind that; don't worry about that; listen up
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
check; plaid; checking; monitoring; check (banking); cheque
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
after that; afterwards; thereafter
castle (in place names); castle; fortress
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
to shake; to swing; to sway; to shock
unthinkable; unexpected; absolutely not!; far from it!; (it was) no bother at all; not at all
incident; affair; happening; event
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
welcome!; nice to see you!
emperor (of Japan); mikado
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
thank you; thanks; much (thanks); very (sorry); quite; really; somehow
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish