indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
father; dad; husband; you; he
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to rescue from; to help out of; to save
offender; criminal; culprit
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
to be caught; to be arrested; to hold on to; to grasp; to find (e.g. proof); to get (e.g. a taxi)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
definitely; absolutely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to catch; to capture; to catch hold of (someone); to stop (e.g. a stranger in the street); towards (someone); at (someone)
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
bomb; alcohol with liquor added (esp. wine-based shōchū highball, also beer with whiskey)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to start; to begin; to challenge; to pick (a fight); to set (traps); to plant (explosives)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
button (clothing); push-button
to push; to press; to apply pressure from above; to press down; to stamp (i.e. a passport); to apply a seal; to affix (e.g. gold leaf)
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
shell heap; shell mound; kitchen midden
blood; blood; ancestry; (the) blood; feelings
to compete; to contest; to quarrel; to argue; to deny (e.g. evidence)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
radio (communication); wireless; not using wires
securing; obtaining; ensuring; belay; belaying
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
no matter what it takes; by any means necessary; at all costs; by hook or by crook
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
that way; that direction; that (one); that person; there; over there
to discover; to find (e.g. an error in a book); to locate; to find (e.g. something missing); to be used to seeing; to be familiar with
to be heard; to be audible; to be said to be; to be reputed
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
confluence (of rivers); merge (of traffic); conflux; union (e.g. of forces); linking up; merging
to hurry; to rush; to hasten; to make something happen sooner
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
beyond that point; after that