beginning; outset; first; onset
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
red; crimson; red-containing colour (e.g. brown, pink, orange); Red (i.e. communist); red light (traffic); red ink (i.e. in finance or proof-reading); (in) the red
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
aah!; ooh!; oh no!; oh boy!
there; over there; genitals; private parts; that far; that much
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
sky; heaven; God; svarga (heaven-like realm visited as a stage of death and rebirth); deva (divine being of Buddhism); top (of a book); sole (of a Japanese sandal)
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
laugh; laughter; smile; sneer; sex aids (e.g. dildos, pornographic books, erotic woodblock prints, etc.)
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
from the beginning; without hesitation; flatly (e.g. refusing); entirely; completely
to be separated; to be apart; to leave; to go away; to leave (a job, etc.); to quit
adultery; immorality; impropriety; (an) affair
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to continue; to keep up; to keep on
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be wounded; to get injured; to get hurt feelings; to get damaged; to get chipped
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to teach; to instruct; to tell; to inform; to preach
to give; to offer; to lift up; to hold up; to raise
head; chief; merit; strong point; superiority; major
to part (usu. of people); to part from; to separate (of a couple); to break up; to lose (e.g. one's mother); to be bereaved
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
tree as seen in winter (esp. a barren deciduous tree); evergreen tree