until now; till now; up to now; up to the present; so far
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
to keep secret; to conceal
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
splendid; magnificent; utter (esp. defeat); total; (arch.) something worth seeing; (arch.) sight
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to fall (e.g. blossoms, leaves); to scatter; to be dispersed; to disappear; to dissolve; to spread
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
to hang one's head; to droop one's head
Mr; Mrs; Miss; politeness marker
how; in what way; how about
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
Mr; master; Ms; miss; (arch.) sir; (arch.) madam
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to strike; to hit; to beat; to punch
because ...; for ...; the reason being ...; as for ...; when it comes to ...; regarding ...
knowing; being aware (of); (an) acquaintance
in that way; thus; so; the same; so?
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
to know (someone); to think; to believe
excuse me; pardon me; I'm sorry; thank you; you shouldn't have; it's too much
diligently; seriously; perfectly; properly; sufficiently; satisfactorily
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
because; as; since; because of that; therefore; accordingly
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
honorific/polite/humble prefix
injury; wound; mistake; accident; loss
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work