indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
to sense; to suspect; to get an inkling (of something); to get wind of; to smell (e.g. danger); to become aware of (e.g. a plot)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
roadside tree; row of trees
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
what?!; what did you say?!; why?; what for?; anyone; anything
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
knock; knocking; fungo hitting; hitting balls for fielding practice
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
secret; secrecy; mystery; secret (e.g. to success); esoteric teachings
to teach; to instruct; to tell; to inform; to preach
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
hindrance; obstacle; to visit (someone's home); demon who hinders Buddhist training; demon who obstructs sentient beings from maintaining moral behaviour
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
to lend; to loan; to rent out; to hire out
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
the past; bygone days; one's past (that one would prefer remained secret); past (tense); preterit; previous life
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
how; in what way; by what means
time; hour; period; class
to put back; to return; to vomit; to throw up; to recover (of a market price)
to be foolish; to be stupid; to be ridiculous
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
fairy tale; fairy story; nursery tale
it's not like; it isn't as if