Europe and America; the West
culture; civilization; civilisation; Bunka era (1804.2.11-1818.4.22)
shame; embarrassment; disgrace
to scratch; to perspire; to shovel; to paddle
Japanese person; Japanese people
publication; issue (of journal, newspaper, etc.); issue (of banknotes, bonds, passport, etc.); raising an event (software)
approximately; about; promise; appointment; shortening; reduction
growth; development; growing up; growth (of a company, the economy, etc.)
war; fighting; fierce competition
to live through; to survive
burly; strong; indomitable; indefatigable; robust (vitality, appetite, economic growth, etc.); strong
weak; frail; delicate; tender; unskilled; weak (wine)
to attack; to assail; to succeed (someone in a post, role, etc.); to make a sudden visit
February Revolution (France, 1848); February Revolution (Russia, 1917)
flight from one's country; seeking asylum; defection; emigration (for political reasons); (going into) exile; becoming a (political) refugee
American Civil War (1861-1865)
sword (esp. a large, double-edged one); blade; bayonet; swordsmanship; stinger; ovipositor
import; importation; introduction; afferent
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
to dedicate; to make an offering; to supply; to store; to finish; to bring to a close; to restore (something to its place)
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
wounded person; injured person
surgery; operation; procedure; skill with one's hands; sleight of hand
just because; even if; even though
to be filled with grief; to be overcome with sorrow
measure; step; countermeasure; counterplan; countermove; strategy
to start; to begin; to challenge; to pick (a fight); to set (traps); to plant (explosives)
to have meaning; to be meaningful
change; variation; variety; diversity; inflection; declension
correspondence (to); equivalence; suitability; coordination; dealing with; coping with
to win and advance to the next round
ordinary; run-of-the-mill; usual
it doesn't matter what; anything is fine
satisfaction; pride; one's strong point; one's forte; regular customer; regular client
there's no (other) way; cannot be helped; unavoidable; it's no use (doing); pointless; hopeless (person)
must-have; essential item
poor (at); weak (in); not very good (at); not one's cup of tea; not one's favorite
pursuit of knowledge; studying; learning; training; completing a course