explanation; commentary; exposition; elucidation
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
defeat; loss; failing to live up to (one's name, looks, etc.); discount; loss (on a sale)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
tightly (holding on); firmly; strongly (built); solidly; properly; well
to change; to exchange; to convert; to renew; to throw a switch; to replace
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
important; serious; valuable; precious; serious matter; major incident
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
actual state (of things); real state; live; on-the-scene; reporting live; live coverage
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
number (in a series); (one's) turn; watch; guard; rank; standing; bout
strong pressure; heavy pressure
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
great mountain; large mountain
player (of a sport); athlete; team member
strange; odd; unexpected; change; incident; disturbance
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
how; in what way; how about
activity (esp. energetic); great efforts; conspicuous service; to flourish; to participate actively; to play an active role
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
this area; around here; this point; this much; this extent
enjoyable; fun; pleasant; happy; delightful
myself; yourself; I; me; you
result; consequence; coming to fruition; bearing fruit; as a result; consequently
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
thought; report on one's investigation into ...; deceased father
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
indicates concession or compromise; indicates permission
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?