indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
room; chamber; apartment; flat; stable
dear (old); fondly-remembered; beloved; missed; nostalgic
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
company; corporation; workplace
telephone call; phone call; telephone (device); phone
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
whereabouts; place; location; place where one belongs; where one fits in; place where one can be oneself
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
middle of the night; dead of night
once; one time; temporarily; for a moment; one degree; one tone
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
father; dad; husband; you; he
to sleep (lying down); to go to bed; to lie in bed; to lie down; to sleep (with someone, i.e. have intercourse); to lie flat (e.g. of hair); to lie idle (of funds, stock, etc.)
direction; orientation; suited to; suitable for; tendency; inclination
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to change; to alter; to transform; to reform; to revise; to amend
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
holiday; day off; sleep; rest; Good night
huh?; eh?; what?; oh; hey!; look!
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to hang up (e.g. a coat, a picture on the wall); to let hang; to put on (e.g. a blanket); to put on top of; to put on (glasses, etc.); to wear (a necklace, etc.); to make (a call)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
radio wave; reception; signal; saying strange things
to reach; to touch; to be delivered; to arrive; to be attentive; to be scrupulous
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
to be needed; to be wanted
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)