leading a meeting; presiding over a meeting; officiating at a ceremony; chairman; presenter; host
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
a short while ago; a moment ago; just now; some time ago
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
argument; discussion; dispute; controversy
continuation; rest (of the story, work, etc.); flow (e.g. of a piece of writing); pacing (of a story); succession (of); sequence
black; black go stone; guilt; guilty person
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
how; in what way; how about
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
I; me; personal (affairs, etc.); private; selfishness; partiality
tide; current; tendency; trend
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
culture; civilization; civilisation; Bunka era (1804.2.11-1818.4.22)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to tie; to bind; to fasten; to restrict (freedom); to tie down (with rules, regulations, etc.); to fetter
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
woman; female; feminine gender
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
sex; sexual intercourse; (one's) sex; gender
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
audience; spectator; spectators
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
(sound of) laughter; laughing voice
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
sexual desire; physical love; Eros (Greek god); Eros (asteroid); event-related optical signal; EROS
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
raw; uncooked; natural; as it is; unprotected (sex); live (i.e. not recorded); inexperienced