tree trunk; bole; backbone; base; foundation
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
counter for stories, episodes of TV series, etc.
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
Mr; Mrs; Miss; politeness marker
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
staff; staff member; stuffing (in Western cuisine); filling; stuff; materials
assembly hall; meeting place; venue; site; grounds
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
that way; that direction; that (one); that person; there; over there
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
already; yet; soon; shortly; further; more
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
seat; location (of a gathering, etc.); place; position; post
to be buried; to be covered; to overflow; to be crowded; to be repaid (e.g. debt); to be replenished
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
point; tip; head (of a line); front; first; before; (the way) ahead
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to open (e.g. doors); to open (e.g. business, etc.); to be empty; to be vacant; to be available; to be open (e.g. neckline, etc.); to have been opened (of one's eyes, mouth, etc.)
sitting down; sitting up; sit!
please (give me); please (do for me)
that is to say; that is; in short; in brief; clogging; obstruction; shrinkage
man; male; masculine gender
to; for; from the standpoint of; as far as ... is concerned
sex; sexual intercourse; (one's) sex; gender
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
woman; female; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
to associate with; to keep company with; to go out with; to go along with; to follow someone's lead; to accompany someone
equal; equivalent; equals sign; equality sign; equals (as in "A equals B")