indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
period; epoch; the times; those days; oldness; ancientness
my; one's own; I ...; one ...
arm; skill; efforts; ability
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to make one's way in the world; to earn one's living; to live
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
wandering samurai; soldier of fortune; brigand; mountain-dwelling robber
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
present age; present day; today; modern era; modern times
haze (esp. in spring); mist; dimness (of sight)
abundant (grain) crop; good harvest
appearing that; seeming that; looking like; having the appearance of
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
(arch.) lowly person; (arch.) lowliness; I
doing; in such a state; doing together; doing to each other; familiarizing suffix (sometimes meaning "small")
beginning; outset; first; onset
daimyo in the Warring States period
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
in that way; thus; so; so?
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
person of doubtful origin
certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to stand on tiptoe; to rise in the world; to become arrogant
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
which (of three or more); well; now; c'mon
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)