there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to; for; from the standpoint of; as far as ... is concerned
myself; yourself; I; me; you
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to polish; to shine; to brush (e.g. teeth); to refine (e.g. a skill); to improve; to cultivate
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to gather; to collect; to assemble
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
crowd of people; great number of people; in great numbers
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
young man; young woman; young people; youth; youngsters
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
entertainer (esp. boy band or girl group member) whose image is manufactured to cultivate a dedicated consumer fan following; Japanese idol; (cultural) icon; idol; idol (object of worship); image
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
to dash over oneself (e.g. water); to take (e.g. shower); to bask in (e.g. the sun); to suffer (e.g. an attack); to draw (e.g. criticism, attention, praise); to have heaped upon
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
below; down; bottom; beneath; underneath; just after; right after
elementary school student; primary school student; grade school student
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
debut; doing something for the first time; starting anew; starting afresh
proximity; nearness; soon; nearby
charge; cost; generation; age; era; a representative of; on behalf of
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
song; singing; classical Japanese poem (esp. tanka); modern poetry
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
to surpass; to outdo; to excel; to tower above (the surrounding landscape)
weapon; arms; ordnance; weapon (something used to gain an advantage); asset
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
beyond that point; after that
wherein; therein; thereinto
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
now; the present time; just now; another; more
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for